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XATl'UAL iMj-^iorn 



^ ARKANSAS. 



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NATURAL RESOURCES 



OF THE 



STATE OF ARKANSAS« 



'^,M\$M Istf g^Mtltoiltii 0t i\u MixU, 



COPIES WILL BE FURNISHED ON APPLICATION TO 

JAMES M. LEWIS, 

Commissioner of Immigration and State Lands, 
I^ITTLIC rock:, A-HIv, 



LITTLE ROCK: 

PRICE & BARTON, STATE PKINTEKS. 
1SG9. 



ARKANSi ^'^ 



ITS ADVANTAGES AND RESOURCES. 



Arkansas is a part of the purchase made by the United 
States from the French in 1803. It was erected into a separate 
Territory in 1819, taking its name from the large river -which 
flows across it from west to east, and was admitted into the 
Union in June, 1836. It lies between latitude 33 deg. and 36, 
deg. and 30 min. north. In its width, from east to west, it 
varies from 170 to 250 miles, and extends 242 miles from north 
to south, possessing an area of 52,158 square miles, or 33,382,- 
120 acres, of which 15,000,000 acres remain open to purchase 
or entry from the State and United States governments. Of 
these lands, a large portion may be entered under the home- 
stead acts of Congress by parties desirous of becoming actual set- 
tlers thereon. 

Arkansas is bounded on the north by the vState of Missouri ; 
on the east, by the Mississippi and St. Francis rivers ; on the 
south, by the States of Louisiana and Texas, and, on the west, 
by the State of Texas and the Indian Territory. Geographic- 
ally its position is second to none and superior to most of the 
States in the Union. On its eastern side the Father of Waters, 
burthencd with the wealth of the many States above us, 
hastens with its freight to the highwa}^ of the world; and if^ 
as has been demonstrated within the last two years, Wisconsin 
and Minnesota, one thousand miles north of us, can deliver 
their produce at European ports, by the way of jSTew Orleans, 



at less cost of carriage than by any other route,, it surely needs 
no ariiunicnt to show that we can deliver the products of our 
labor at the same market at far less cost to the tiller of the 
soil. 

( )u the west lies the Indian Territory, with a soil as good as 
any, the products of which will be carried through the center 
of this State by railroad or river paying tribute, as it passes in 
its transit, to the sea. 

A railroad from Memphis, Tennessee, running west in almost 
a direct line through Little Rock, v/ill strike the projected 
35th Parallel Pacific Eailroad at Fort Smith, on the border of 
the Indian Territory, and the projected South Pacific Railroad 
will run through Little Rock, via El Paso, in Texas, to the 
Gulf of Calitbrnia and San Francisco, making two grand high- 
ways of the nation through Arkansas — an indispensable neces- 
sity to at least three-iburths of the States in the Union — giving 
us equal facilities of communication with those old and wealthy 
States bordering the Atlantic, and the vast country west of us 
to tiic Pacific shore. 

There are to be found within the limits of this State every 
variety of soil and scenery, from the flat bottom lands border- 
ing rivei'S lakes and bayous, to the cloud-capped summit of 
the Boston mountains. Tlie southern and eastern portions of 
the State are level or undulating, while the nortliern and west- 
ern portions are more broken and hilly, becoming, in some 
localities, mountainous. 

The surface of the country is usually covered witli a heavy 
growth of timber on the bottoms, consisting of several varie- 
ties of oak, hickory, gum, pecan, elm, black walnut, maple and 
ash, with an undergrowth of spice, paw-paw and lai-ge grape 
vines; and the hilly and moun.tainous regions are covered 
^vitli a growth of oak, hickory, maple, and pine remarkably 
straight, often fitl:y feet without a limb. Arkansas has untold 
wealth on her surface, in live growth of forest trees, suflicient 
to make her lumber interest of the first importance to the 
State. 

Occasionally, tiiroughout the State, small prairies are at in- 



tervals interspersed, covered xAih rich and nntritions native 
grasses. Cultivated grasses do well in all parts of the State — 
clover, white and red, timothy and blue grass. 

The lamented David Dale Owen, late State Geologist of 
Arkansas, says of the soil of the bottoms : " These lands are 
not excelled for fertility by any in the world." Speaking of 
the black sand soil in the northeast part of the State, be- 
tween Crowley's Kidgo and the Mississippi river, he says : 
" The black sand soil is remarkably deep and rich, and will 
yield, on new land, eighty to one hundred bushels of corn to 
the acre ; it is a quick, warm soil, and stands both dry and wet 
seasons well." 

The soil of the valleys between the hills, called " hammock " 
or "second bottom," is good, but not as good as the first bot- 
tom. It, however, grows all kind of crops well. The ridges, 
hills and slopes, for fruit growing and grazing, cannot be sur- 
passed. Xo locality excels th.Q northern and western portions 
of the State in the growth of timoth}^ blue grass and clover. 
Springs are abundant and the water is pure. Stock raisers, 
dairymen and fruit growers can find no better location. 



NAVIGABLE STllEAMS. 

While in other States, until supplied by art with means of 
transit, farmers were obliged to haul their produce, in many 
instances, one hundred and fifty miles to a market, in this State 
an all-wise Providence has so distributed the water courses that, 
intersecting every portion of the State, they give free access 
and egress by steamers to every part of this commonwealth. 

The St. Francis Biver, rising in southeast,ern Missouri, runs 
through or borders parts of the counties of Green, Craighead, 
Poinsett, Mississippi, Cross, Crittenden, St. Francis and Phil- 
lips, and is navigable in this State to the Miissouri line. 

The White River has its rise in Washington county, runs 
into the State of Missouri, from thence southward tlirough the 
following counties in Arkansas : Carroll, Marion, Izard, Inde- 



6 

peudence, Jackson, White, Woodrutf, Monroe, Arkansas and 
Desha. This stream is navigable for 360 miles at all times, 
and 100 miles further during high water. 

Black liiver rises in southeastern Missouri and runs through 
the following counties in Arkansas: Green, Randolph, Law- 
rence, Independence and Jackson. This stream is navigable 
for small boats to the Missouri line. 

Arkansas River comes through the Indian Territorv from 
the Rocky 'Mountains, and enters this State, on the western 
border, at Fort Smith. It flows across the State through the 
counties of Crawford, Sebastian, Franklin, Johnson, Yell, 
Pope, Perry, Conwa}', Pulaski, Jelferson, Arkansas and Desha. 
It is navigable entirely across the State, and, in high water, far 
up into the Indian Territory. 

Ouachita River rises in Polk, and runs throusch tlie counties of 
Montgomery, Hot Spring, Clark, Dallas, Ouachita, Calhoun, 
Union and Ashley, passing into the State of Louisiana. It is 
navigable in this State for one hundred and fifty, and, in liigh 
water, at least two hundred and fifty miles. 

Saline River rises in Saline and runs through Hot Spring, 
Dallas, Jefferson, Bradley, Drew, Ashley and Calhoun coun- 
ties, and is navigable for one hundred miles. 

Bayou Bartholomeiv is navigable in the counties of Desha, 
Drew, Chicot and Ashley. It empties into the Ouachita, and 
is navigable in this State about one hundred and fifty miles. 

Red River running througli the south-western portion of tlie 
State, is navigable in the counties through which it passes, viz: 
Little River, Hempstead, and Lafayette — a distance of about 
one hundred miles. 

The Mississippi ^ River forms the eastern boundary of the 
State, and borders the counties of Mississippi, Crittenden, Phil- 
lips, Desha, and Chicot, a distance of about 400 miles. 

Thus it will be seen that of the sixty-one counties in this 
State forty-three are watered by streams, each navi.2:able in 
their course, through different counties, from seventy-five to 
four hundred miles, making, with their branches a navigable 
highway within this State of over 3000 miles. And let it be 



borne in mind that the ice in Arkansas never obstrncts navi- 
gation. 

These streams have their rise in the mountainous and hilly 
regions in the north-western part of the State, in springs of 
clear, sparkling water that leaps from the craggy mountain 
side as if Moses had smitten the rugged cairn with his divin- 
ing rod, or, welling up from their base, become rivers where 
they burst from the Titanic grasp of the Genie of the hills. 

One of these springs is so remarkable that I copy a descrip- 
tion of it from Prof D. J). Owen's Geological Reconnoisance of 
Arkansas : 

" The country is well watered, and possesses manj? fine water 
powers — even at the very fouh tain-head of some of its numer- 
ous limpid calcareous streams, which frequently burst forth 
from among the ledges of rock. One of the most remarkable 
of these, forms the fountain-head of the main fork of Spring 
river, known as the "Mammoth Spring," welling upon the 
south side of a low, rocky ridge, from a submerged abyss be- 
neath of sixty -four feet, and constituting, at its very source, a 
respectable lake of about one-sixteenth of a mile from north 
to south, and one-fifth to one-sixth of that distance from east 
to west. 

" It is said by those who have sounded the bottom that there 
are large cavities and crevices in the rock, and that the main 
body of the water issues from a large cavernous opening of 
some forty yards in circumference. It has been estimated that 
it boils up at the rate of about eight thousand barrels per min- 
ute ; the correctness of this estimate we had no means of veri- 
fying, but it may be safel}' estimated that the average constant 
flow would be at least sufficient to propel from twelve to fifteen 
run of stones. 

" The uniform temperature and composition of the water 
is peculiarl}" congenial to the growth of a variety of cryptogamic, 
aquatic plants, possessing highl}- nutrative qualities, both for 
herbiverous animals and birds. 

"In the early^ settlement of the country, herds of herbiver- 
ous wild animals traveled from ijreat distances to this fountain 



for both food and water, as well as flocks of wild fowl. Now, 
the cattle of the neisrhboring farms may be seen wading in its 
waters up to their middle, and browsing on the herbage, which 
appears peculiarly congenial to their tastes ; it is, also, a gen- 
eral resort of geese, ducks, and other aquatic birds. 

" This mammoth spring is located just south of the east and 
west line between Missouri and Arkansas, on section 5, town- 
ship 21 north, range 7 west, of the 5th (fifth) principal merid- 
ian, and forms the most interesting feature of this section of 
the country, since it affords a water power which, if properly 
improved, might supply valuable mill-sites and water privileges 
for manufacturing purposes in general. 

" The water of this remarkable fountain remains at a nearly 
uniform temperature, never freezing in winter. On the 17th 
of December, 1857, the temperature of the air being 17 deg. 
Fahrenheit, the spring showed only 57 deg. Farenheit. But 
the average temperature, when the thermometer is sunk deep 
in the spring, will probably be found to be 60 deg. 

" The extent of the range of extreme low and high water is 
but three to four inches, so that the variation in the supply of 
Avater is very slight. 

'^A large proportion of the water now runs to waste, the 
present mill only requiring a limited supply ; but if it were 
all saved, which it could easily be, there would be enough for 
many grist-mills, as well as woolen factories, which would be 
well adapted to the resources of the country, since both the- 
climate and herbage seem to be well suited to raising sheep. 
At least, the small flocks of sheep seen in the range appear 
both healthy and vigorous. 

"The water is generally clear and limpid. It only becomes 
slightly muddy after long continued rains. From ten to eleven 
feet of fall can be obtained between the fountain-head and the 
present site of the dam. 

" Many years can not elapse until, in such a country, loca- 
tions of this description will become very valuable, xllready 
the little mill at this point attracts custom from thirty miles 
distance." 



RAILROADS. 

At the commencement of the rebellion several railroads were 
in process of being built. 

The Memphis and Little^ lioeh road was graded nearly the 
whole distance, and running seventy miles of its length. Dur- 
ing the latter part of the war only fifty miles at the Little Rock 
end of the road was in operation — this being the section be- 
tween the Arkansas and "White rivers. There is now in opera- 
tion an additional 50 miles from Memphis to L'Anguille river. 
It is one of the most important roads in the State — running 
through a magnificent country and connecting Memphis, a large 
city, with Little Rock, a city which is the capital of the State and 
destined always to be its commercial center. This road, which 
is now under contract, will be completed and running through 
trains six mouths from this date. It has aid from the State to 
the amount of $10,000 per mile for ninety miles of its length. 

The Little Iioek and Fort Smith Railroad, which will, with 
the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad, form a continuous line 
from the eastern to the western boundary of Arkansas, has a 
valuable grant of land and some stock subscription. It is now 
under contract and will be completed at an early day, connect- 
ing Little Rock with the Indian territory at Fort Smith — an im- 
portant commercial town in this State, — and being an impor- 
tant link in the Both parallel Pacific route, it must prove a 
good investment and a paying road. This road has also State 
aid to the amount of 10,000 per mile for 1/SO miles. Of this 
road, the president, Jesse Turner, in his report to the Governor 
of Arkansas, says : 

"Aside from its great importance, considered merely as an 
Arkansas road, it will, in all probability, become the main trunk 
of a great national highway, commencing at a point on the 
Mississippi river, opposite the city of Memphis, and running 
thence near the thirty-fifth parallel of north latitude to the Pa- 
cific ocean. If this should be its destiny, and I confidently 
believe it will, it will, in my estimation, give it a prospective 
importance second to no railroad on the continent." 



10 

There was, also, before the war, a raih-oad projected from 
Pine Blufi', in Jefferson county, to Napoleon, at the mouth of 
the Arkansas river. This road is graded nearly its entire 
length, and will probably be completed at an early day. It 
passes through the valley of the Arkansas — as rich a cotton 
growing district as the sun shines upon. 

A road was also projected from Eunice, on the jMississippi 
river, across the Ouachita, via Camden, to Red river into Texas. 
This road is partly graded, and, prior to the war, had cars run- 
ning for a few miles on the eastern end of its line. It is now 
under contract, and will be speedily pushed to completion. It 
giv^es an outlet to one of the richest planting sections of the 
State, runs through extensive coal fields, and has upon its line 
some of the finest pine and oak timber in the world. This 
road will probably be constructed from the Mississippi river to 
Camde)], a distance of about 100 miles, within the next twelve 
months, and will be pushed rapidly to completion. It has a 
large amount of land, and State aid to the amount of ^15,000 
per mile for lOG miles of its line. 

The Cairo and F niton is another important projected raih'oad. 
This roJKl will run through a fertile country, has a large land 
grant from the general government, and is one of the most 
important roads. It runs diagonalh' across the State from the 
north-east to the south-west corner, and is about 300 miles 
long. It is the first link in the south-western Pacific Railroad. 
This road has aid from the State to the amount of f 10. 000 per 
mile for its entire length. 

Another of tlie most important projected roads in the State is 
-t\\Q Little Itoch, Pine Bluff a7id Neiv Orleans Bailroad. It will 
•extend from Little Rock south, via Pine Bluff, to the State line; 
thence to couiicct with a road via Vicksburg to New Orleans. 
People residing along the line of this road, estimate the amount 
of lands that wall be contributed to it by parties on the line at 
500,000 acres. It has State aid for 112 miles of its length, at 
§15,000 per mile. This road will connect with the Little Rock 
and Fort Smith Railroad at Little Rock, forming a continuous 
line of rail from New Orleans to Fort Smith, connecting at 



.11 

that point witli the 35th Parallel Pacific Eailroad, or a branch 
from the Central Pacific Road, in Kansas, to that place. Sur- 
veys are now being made, and it is estimated that this route will 
be completed by the 1st of January, 1871. 

A railroad is also contemplated from Helena, on the Missis- 
sippi river, to Little Rock. This road will pass through a 
beautiful country. It has State aid to the amount of |15,000 
per mile, and is expected to be completed at an early day. 

There is also a railroad projected from Springfield, Missouri, 
to Fort Smith, which will run through the western and north- 
western part of this State. With that finislied, Arkansas will 
furnish the early fruit for St. Louis, Chicago, and other cities 
farther north. 

Gentlemen conducting these enterprises confidently assert 
that these railroads will give employment to from 3000 to 5000 
laborers for the next three years. 



FARM PRODUCTS. 

Cotton. — The great staple of export for Arkansas has always 
been cotton. By growing this fiber, many became immensely 
rich and all made money. It is now, on land particularly 
adapted to it, the most profitable crop raised in this State, and 
the bottom lands of Arkansas are second to none in the south- 
west. There is no country in the world, except, perhaps, a 
nan-ow strip upon the coast of Georgia, that can produce as 
mucli cotton, of as good quality, on a given area, as can be 
produced upon the bottom lands of this State. x\ fair crop, on 
these bottoms, is 450 pounds of lint cotton per acre, which, at 
the present price, (Sept. l^t, 1869), 30e. per pound, will make 
the product of one acre $135. One man, in an ordinary season, 
can easily tend ten acres, making the result of his labor for one 
year $1,350, which is nearly double the product of one man's 
labor in raising corn or wheat in the more northern States. 

Corn. — These bottoms are also particularly adapted to the 
growth of corn. From sixH- to eight}' bushels per acre is not 



12 

an unusual crop ; and it is the opinion of good farmers that, 
let the same sj^stem of culture prevail here that has been 
adopted in Iowa and Wiscousin, and the crop of maize can be 
safely calculated to average sixty bushels per acre. The corn 
is not as flinty here as in the more northern States, and is con- 
sidered better for feeding purposes. 

Cotton and corn may safely be set down as the great staples 
of the bottoms. In addition to these, however, all the crops 
grown in the hills can be grown in the bottoms, viz : wheat, 
oats, rye, peas, beans, Irish and sweet potatoes, ground nuts, 
turnips, tobacco, hops, etc., also all kinds of roots and veg~ 
etables. 

Wheat does well in the bottoms, in seasons favorable to it, 
producing immensely — sometimes as high as sixty bushels per 
acre ; but it is not considered as sure a crop there as in the hills 
in the northern and western part of the State, where the usual 
yield is from twenty to twenty-two bushels per acre. It is said 
to produce finely, also, in the Red river countr}^, in the south- 
western part of the State. Winter wheat is usually grown here 
and is of a very superior quality. 

Oats, Barley and Rye do well in all parts of the State, es- 
pecially in the northern portion. 

Peas, produce immensely every where, and are a sure crop. 
JS'o Northern State can compete with Arkansas in the growth 
of the field-pea. 

Beans grow and produce well. The delicious Lima, or but- 
ter-bean, is grov^n as easily here as the common white bean in 
the Northern States, and is one of our most common veget- 
ables. 

Irish Potatoes do well, and, with care, keep as Avell as in the 
Northern States. 

Siveet Potatoes yield from three to five hundred bushels per 
acre, and are not surpassed in quality by any grown on any 
part of this continent. Tiiey sell readily at seventy-five cents 
per bushel, and must at an early day form no inconsiderable 
part of the exports of this State. 

The uplands of Arkansas are peculiarly adapted to the growth 



13 

bf the ground-nut, or goober pea, the poorest soil growing tliem 
in great abundance ; they yield largely. There is a great and 
increasing demand for them, not only as an article of food, 
but oil account of the oil compressed from them, an article of 
great commercial value. 

Turnips have here a most prolific growth. They are to be 
seen in the fields as late as January, growing with an exuber- 
ance unsurpassed, a single one often w'eighing nine or ten 
pounds. In connection with sheep raising in the liilly portions 
of the State, peas and turnips must prove very valuable crops. 

Ail the varieties of garden vegetables, raised in any country, 
grow well here — squashes, peas, beans, okra, egg-plant, beets, 
turnips, radishes, onions, cabbage, celery, oyster-plant, lettuce 
and tomatoes. Vegetables are plenty in market in April, and 
last until Christmas. 

Blue Grass, in the timber on the bottoms, grows finely, and 
in tbe western and northwestern districts seems indigenous to 
the soil. In the report of Washburne and Denckla, to the 
Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad Company, these gentle- 
men assert that " corn, cotton, cereals, grasses, (especially blue 
grass which takes hold of the soil and spreads rapidly and 
close), clover and fruits, are all grown here in great perfec- 
tion." These gentlemen also assert that " tobacco grows far 
better than in Maryland, while hemp does as well as in Ken- 
tuck}' or Missouri." 

Tobacco has long been grown here, and is of a very superior 
(juality. 4 

Hops grow wild, and when cultivated yield bountifully. 

Honey is very plenty throughout the State. It is found wild 
in the hollow trees of every forest, and is accumulated by every 
one who desires it without any trouble. The numerous flow- 
ers aftbrd to the bees plenty of food in summer, while the short, 
mild winters create a very light demand upon the stock. With 
hives arranged with caps, the farmer or bee-fancier can always 
supply himself through the year v/itli lioney witliout disturb- 
ing the swarm. 



14 

STOCK RAISING. 

No portion of the United States is ])etter adapted to stock 
gro'.vini,^ than this. Cattle, horses and mules thrive and keep 
fat the year through, without care or feeding, in the central 
and southern portions of the State, where, in addition to the 
grasses, they feed and do remarkably well on small cane, which, 
in many localities, grows luxuriantly the entire year, affording 
a nutritious range during the winter. Fat cattle from this State 
find a ready market at St. Louis or Memphis. Hogs are raised 
here without cost, and tatten readily in the fall from tlie abun- 
dance of mast in the woods, acorns being plenty everywhere — 
that from the over-cup oak is nearly tvvo inches in length, very 
nutritious, palatable, and is devoured by the hogs greedily. 

There is no bettor corn country than this. With its natural 
advantages and facilities for a market, it must speedily become 
one of the first stock 2:rowing States in the Union. 



FISH AND GAME. 

The rivers, lakes and bayous are welbstocked with good tish. 
Among the varieties are pickerell, black bass, buffalo, and cat- 
fish — the last are sometimes taken w-eighing 150 pounds. 

Game is very plent}', and of almost every kind, consisting of 
bear, deer, turkey, duck, prairie chicken, and quail. 



FRUITS. 

No locality in the world can grow a greater variety of fruit, 
and to greater perfection, than can be grown within the limits 
of this State. Apples, pears, peaches, apricots, figs, plums, 
and grapes, all do well. This is a natural peach country. They 
grow large, are well flavored, and need no care. 



15 

SHRUBS AND FLOWERS 

I 

Grow luxuriantly. The magnolia, the pride of the South, is 
in almost every inclosure; the glossy, green holly is by every 
road side, while roses of infinite variety blush and glow in this 
soft, genial climate from early March till late December. All 
kinds of flowering shrubs do well, many hot house plants 
growing here in the open air eight months of the year. 



GRAPE CULTURE AND THE CLIMATE OF ARKANSAS. 

The genial climate of this State, neither too cold in winter 
nor- too hot in summer, is peculiarly adapted to the growth of 
the vine. Dr. Richard Thornton, with many years experience, 
asserts that there is no portion of the American continent 
where the grape can be grown so successfully as in western 
Arkansas. Leonard Withotf, Esq., of Van Buren, himself a 
native of a vine gi'owing region, near V/urtenberg, and for 25 
3'ears a resident of Arkansas, having been engaged in grape 
growing for twelve j^ears, says the Catawba and White Ham- 
burg have neither of them ever failed, and that in 18oi his 
Catawba yielded him one and one-half gallons to the vine. 
Dr. Dibbrell, a well-known resident of this State, asserts that 
he has raised the Catawba, Diana., and Delaware, and has never 
known either of them to fail or be troubled with mildew. 

There is said to grow wild, south of Fort Smith, a large, 
Avhite, native grape, of very delicious flavor. Indeed, in every 
portion of the State, wild grapes of different varieties are 
abundant. 

Says Mr. John R. Eakin, author of a work on grape culture : 
" This is the best region of wild grapes in America. What 
we mean to assert is, that the region between the Mississippi 
and the staked plains, and between the Missouri river and 
the swamp lands of the Gulf, produce more and larger and 
better wild grapes than any other portion of the known world. 

This is deliberately said, after much reading, inquiry, travel, 
and extensive observation." 

Speaking of Arkansas, he further says : 



16 

" in the Eastern and North-western States, they all try to 
avoid a northern exposure. Our country is somewhat differ- 
ently situated, especially that portion lying west of the Ouachita 
and between the mountain ranges south of the Arkansas. It 
may be well to dwell on this a little. This section of country, 
and also that north of the Arkansas river for a considerable 
distance, is the 07ily part of the United States protected against 
violent wiiids. The mountains which shield it range East and 
West. The Blue Eidge, Alleghany, and Cumberland moun- 
tains run in a North and South direction, and, except in shel- 
tered nooks, protected by spurs, the winds rush down on each 
side of them from Labrador and Hudson's Bay. The same is 
the case with the northern portion of Missouri, with Ohio, Il- 
linois and Indiana, and on dowm the Mississippi and the South- 
ern States east of the river. These N'orth winds are very sud- 
den and destructive, bringing in twenty-four hours the climate 
of the frigid zone — throwing against vegetation the identical 
air that was but yesterday on an iceberg. This influence is 
greatly modified with ns. These hills, to our north, perform the 
same office which the Alps do to Italy. This is indeed, as to 
climate^ the Italy of the United States." 

Sudden changes are less frequent than in the Eastern States 
in the same latitude — and not to be compared to the country 
further West, where sudden northers sweep down to the Gulf, 
often causing the cattle to perish on the plains of Texas as far 
South as San Antonio. All evidence demonstrates that there 
is not, on this continent, any locality superior to this for the 
profitable growth of the grape ; and, for the reason adduced 
above, it is believed that the climate of Arkansas possesses the 
most equable temperature of any State in the Union. The 
fhermometer does not show here as high a temperature during 
the summer months as in the more N^orthern States, and in our 
short winter — which hardly deserves the name — it rarely drops 
down to zero. The time cannot be far distant when our valleys, 
hill-slopes and mountains sides will rival sunny France in the 
products of the vine. 



17 
' TIMBER. 

The lumber interest of this State is naturally suggested to 
the mind by the immense forest growth with which it is cov- 
ered. The pines grow mostly on tlie hill lands, although they 
are occasionally found in the bottoms. It is uot unusual for a 
single tree to make two thousand feet of good merchantable 
boards. No lumber makes better flooring. It is shipped to St. 
Louis, Memphis, New Orleans, and is used here in the manu- 
facture of sash, blinds and doors ; for inside finish, and, in- 
deed, for all building purposes, suitably dressed and oiled, it 
is very beautiful. 

So.me portions of the State are very heavily timbered with 
black walnut. It is of great value and only awaits capital and 
labor to be added to the commercial wealth of the State. 

Cypress grows on the bottom lands skirting the rivers, lakes 
and bayous. Some of these trees grow to an enormous size, 
making, in some instances, 6000 feet of lumber to a single tree. 
It is an excellent timber for the manufacture of doors, etc., 
makes good shingles, and is used principally for that purpose 
in this locality. 

Most of the varieties of oak grow luxuriantly. The white 
oak and a species of oak called here the "overcup," resembling 
the white oak, grow large, often four or five feet in diameter. 
It is applicable to all the uses to wdiich oak is ever put, but, on 
account of its large size, more particularly to the manufacture 
of the pipe stave. This stave is worth in New Orleans §160 
per thousand. They are rived sixty inches long, six inches 
wide, and two and a half inches thick. 

With proper management it seems as if enormous wealth 
should be accumulated in this business ; the profit ought to be 
at least 100 per cent. This timber can be obtained convenient 
to navigable streams and in large quanties. 

Many other kinds of timber are found here — pecan, persim- 
mon, which grow large enough for saw^-logs, elm, hickory and 
cherry, all of which, as the country is developed, will seek their 
legitimate uses. Lumber is now worth §20 per M., and 
shingles $4. 



18 

Red cedar grows in extensive brakes in the northern and 
western parts of tiie State. It is to be found in large quanti- 
ties near the White river and Petite Jean. <Jf the commercial 
value of this wood it is unnecessary to speak. Red cedar 
posts sell in Little Rock market readily at $40 per hundred. 



MINERALS. 

The rich bottom lands of this State have always afforded 
ample employment for all of tiic capital in the State, and it has 
proved so largel}^ remunerative that but little attention has 
been given to the development of the mineral resources of 
Arkansas. It is, however, assured l>y geological surveys and 
other sources of information, that minerals, marble and mineral 
earths, exist in this State in sufficient variety and quantity to 
render Arkansas, in that respect, independent of the world. 
David Dale Owen, in his Geological Reconnoissance of Ar- 
kansas, says : 

'' There are resources of this State in ores of zinc, manga- 
nese, iron, lead, copper, marble, whet and hone-stone, rock 
crystal, paints, nitre earth, kaolin, granite, freestone, limestone, 
marls, green sand, marly limestone, grindstone, and slate, 
which may well justify the assertion that Arkansas is destined 
to rank as one of the richest mineral States of the Union. 
Her zinc ores compare favorably Avith those of Silesia, and her 
argentiferous galena far exceeds in per centage of silver the 
average of such ores of other countries. Her novaculite rocks 
cannot be excelled in firmness of texture, beauty of color, and 
sliarpness of grit. Her crystal mountains stand unrivaled for 
extent, and their products are equal in brilliancy and trans- 
jjarency to any in the world. * * Arkansas is destined, I 
believe, to take the lead of all the Western States in her rc- 
ources in ores of zinc and manganese." 

Speaking of the coal on Spadra creek, he says: ''It is semi- 
anthracite ore, richer in fixed carbon than the celebrated Zebra 
run coal of the Shamokin coal fields of Pennsylvania, and is 



19 

superior for inanufaetariug purposes to any western coal at 
present known, "where durability, intense lieat and reduction 
are required." 

This coal is plenty, covers a large area, and can be mined 
with but little expense. It lies in Johnson county, bordering 
the Arkansas river, and opens a large iield lor onter|trise and 
capital. 

At the commencement of the rebellion, attention was first 
being directed to mining in this State, since which time, owing 
to the unsettled condition of the country, but little advance 
has been made in developing her mineral resources. Coal is, 
liow.ever, obtained for local purposes, in many parts of the 
State, by digging into the side of some hill or by stripping the 
surtace eartli. 



COAk. 



'J1ie report of the General Land oliiec for 1807 estimates the 
coal fields of Arkansas to comprise, in area, 12,000 acres. 
Coal is known to exist in twelve countio.-, and is mined exten- 
sively for local purposes. 

Work has been commenced at the Kellogg kead Mines, 
twelve miles north of Little Rock, whei-e, I am informed bv 
Mr. Chamberlain, the Superintendent, that the galena is ricli 
enough in gold and silver to defray the cx[>ense of minini'-and 
smelting, so that the lead is a clear profit. 



HOT SPRINGS. 

Among the most remarkable of the natural M'onders of Ar- 
kansas, are the Hot Springs. The cures produced bv rhem are 
wonderful. Cases of old chronic disease, that have stubl)ornlv 
resisted all attempts at cure by the profession, vield as if bv 
magic to this great natural medicator. The Hon. James Hinds 
in his speech in the House of 1 Representatives, July 25, 1868 
said : 



20 

"These springs are 54 in number, having a temperature va-« 
rying I'rom 93 to 150 deg. Fahrenheit, and discharge 317 gal- 
lons per minute. The amount discharged from each varies, 
but they arc all qualitively allied. It is estimated by eminent 
medical gentlemen that there are over one hundred thousand 
afflicted persons in the United States who cannot be perma- 
nently cured except by a use of these waters ; and the day is 
not far distant when a great city will rise on this mountain 
slope which will be the Baden-Baden of America. Here, where 
the salubrity of the climate is unsurpassed, especially in the 
summer season, and wdiere the long genial twilights are in- 
spiringly refreshing, will come the pleasure seekers from all 
parts of the world ; and here will resort from year to year the 
millions of afflicted from all lands, to be healed of their many 
infirmities." 

Dr. Lawrence, a resident physician for ten years, says : 
"The properties of the waters depend not alone on their 
caloric qualities, but the springs all contain carbonates of the 
alkalies, and alkaline earth agents well known to therapeutists 
to possess active eliminative agency, consequently they pro- 
duce valuable alterative effects in chronic diseases. Bheuma- 
tism, gout, stiff joints, contraction of the muscles and skin, 
■old wo'.inds and painful cicatrices are relieved ; skin diseases, 
scrofulous ulcerations, and enlargement of the glands ; prostra- 
tions from long-standing sickness or debility, following severe 
courses of powerful medicines, show a remarkable improve- 
ment ; spinal diseases, neuralgia, nervous affections, partial 
paralysis, lead palsy, St. Vitus' dance (chorea), muscular and 
o-eneral debility, respond to treatment. Uterine diseases, as a 
class, arc greatly benefitted; and the baths are particularly re- 
garded for the grand climacteric change of life ; when sterility 
is a consequent of functional disorder, the baths are of great 
importance. For mercurial diseases, mercurio-syphilitic, and 
all syphilitic affections, volumes of testimonials could be ad- 
duced in relation to the effects of these remarkable and unex- 
celled waters in the treatment of these obstinate and loathsome 
affections." 



21 

The large quantity of free carbonic acid which these springs 
contain, and which rises in volumes through the waters, pro- 
duces, undoubtedly, an exhilerating effect on the system, ena- 
bling invalids to drink it freely when otherwise the stomach 
would promptly reject it. 

At an early day, not onlj- will those wonderful springs be 
sought for by invalids, on account of their curative properties, 
but the lovers of nature, and the traveler who seeks for the 
wonderful and the beautiful, will here find irresistible attrac- 
tions. 

Says Owen, in his Geological Eeconuoisance of Arkansas, 
when speaking of the vicinity of the Hot Springs: 

•'This ridge or mountain is made up of the most beautiful 
variety of novaculite, equal in whiteness, clearness of texture, 
and subdued, waxy lustre, to the most compact forms and white 
varieties of Carrara marble. Except in being less translucent, 
it approaches, in lustre and fineness of structure, to chalce- 
dony.'' 

The famous crj'stal mountains, in Montgomery county, are 
twenty miles from Hot Springs, of which he snjs : 

'•There is at present no region knovcn on this continent which 
prosciits such extensive mines of rock crystal as the gorges of 
the mountainous ridges of Montgomery county. Almost every 
fissure of this vast sandstone formation, for a distance of one 
or two miles in length, and from three-quarters to a mile' in 
breadth, is lined with these brilliants, which, exposed in bilrst- 
ing open the rock, glitter and flash in the sun's rays like a dia- 
dem." 

Here, as in the Alps, we have the " Crj'stal Hunter," explor- 
ing the recesses of this great crystal mountain, and carrying 
his glittering -'points" to Hot Springs and elsewhere, expos- 
ing them for sale in the door-steps of the hotel and in the 
shop windows, as attractions for strangers, to serve by their 
purchase as remembrances of the buyer's visit to the crystal 
regions of Arkansas; and truly by a judicious selection the lover 
of the mineral kingdom may here possess himself of gems of 
superior value that may vie in beauty and brilliancy with those 



of the Alps — Daupliiiie, reidmont, luid ('arrara. AVitii proper 
tools, slabs might be rent off from the face of the sandstone 
rock, lar more than a man could lift; in lact, even a cart load, 
studded over v/itli limpid crystals of all sizes, from the fraction 
of an inch to live and six inches in length. 

There are many other springs in this State possessing cura- 
tive properties, but it is ])elioved that, in the cure of disease, 
there are no springs in the world that can compare with the 
Hot Springs of Arkansas. 



LITTLE KOf'K. 

This city, located near the centre of the State, is built upon 
a high, rolling plain, overlooking the Arkansas river and sur- 
rounding country tor miles, and is as healthy as any other city 
in the United States. Back of it, lie wooded rocky hills, cov- 
ered with a heav}-- growth of timber, Avhile east and south 
stretch out the bottom lands of the Arkansas. Its drainage is 
excellent. The banks washed by the river are mostly solid 
rock, wliicli rise from thirty to sixty feet above its level. Its 
population is about 10,000. It has two steam saw mills, two 
steam sash, blind, and door factories, eight churches, eight 
school houses, one college, and one seminar3% three daily papers, 
and live hotels. 

The public buildings arc good, and it has many line resi- 
dences, with grounds tastefully ornamented, and a profusion of 
shrubs and flowers, making it in fact as well as name the 
"Flower City," or "City of lioses." 

Business is good, and it presents all the aspects of a thriving 
city. In addition to the retail trade, quite a large wholesale 
business is done from this point. During the past year about 
8000 bales of cotton have been shipped iVom this place. 

The railroad system of this State finds its common center at 
the Capital, making it the commercial as we'd as political center 
of the State, and it is confidently predicted that five years 
hence will find it a city of 25,000 inhabitants. 



23 

Mechanics' wages licre are from three to five dollars per 
day. Farm laborers can be obtained at from twelve to twenty 
dollars per month ; good house servants from six to ten dollars 
per month. 

Emigrants coming to Little Rock will be near the center 
of the State, and will from here find all points easily acces- 
sible. The State land office is located here. Those in charge 
of it will always be glad to give any information or assistance 
in their power to immigrants. The different United States 
land offices are located at Little Rock, Washington (Hemp- 
stead county), and Clarksville in Johnson county. 



STATE LANDS. 

The lands belons^ing to the State are the swaurp and over- 
flowed lands granted to the State by Congress in 1850. Of 
these, there remain unsold about 2,000,000 acres, divided into 
first and second class. The first class comprises those lying 
within six miles of a navigable stream, and are sold at seventy- 
five cents per acre. The second class are those lying more 
than that distance from navigable streams, and are sold at fifty 
cents per acre. This grant comprises some of th.e finest land 
in the State. 



DONATION LANDS. 

in 1840 the Legislature enacted what is termed the "dona- 
tion law," by which the lands not sold by the Auditor at the 
annual sale of lands for non-payment of taxes, are donated to 
any person in tracts of 160 acres or less, who shall reside on 
the land and cultivate five acres, or who, in lieu thereof, shall 
fence and cultivate five acres within eighteen months after the 
date of donation. In 1850 the provisions of the law were so 
extended that a person might take up a quarter section for Ids 



24 



wife and each of his minor children ; the wife and children 
'were not required to make any improvements, the applicant 
being required to swear that the land so obtained was for his or 
her own use, or for the benefit of his child, and not for specu- 
lation. 



SCHOOL LANDS. 

The sixteenth section in each township is set apart for com- 
mon school purposes. A portion of these lands have been 
disposed of, but many fine tracts are still in the market. They 
are sold principally on time and afford good opportunities for 
the landless to secure comfortable homes. Further information 
regarding these can be had upon application to the Superin- 
tendent of Public Listruction, at Little Rock. 



INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT LANDS. 

Five hundred thousand acres were donated to the State hy 
the general government, in 1841, for the use of internal im- 
provements in the State. They were selected with great care, 
and comprise the best lands then unsold. A portion of these 
lands arc yet subject to entry. They are scattered over the 
entire State, and are sold by the State at $1 25 per acre, on a 
credit of one, two, three, four and five years, with interest 
payable annually at six per cent.. 



SEMINARY LANDS. 

There was also donated by Congress to this State, for the 
purpose of establishing a seminary of learning in this State, 
seventy -two sections of land, which were carefully selected 
from the most valuable tracts. These lands are sold by the 



25 



State at S2 per acre, •upon the same terms as the internal im- 
provement lands, except that the interest is ten per cent, per 



annum. 



SALINE LANDS. 

Congress donated to this State a certain amount of land 
contiguous to the various salt springs. A part has been sold 
and the remainder is subject to entry at 81 25 per acre, one-fifth 
cash and the balance on time. 

The Commissioner of Immigration and State Lands has by 
law entire control of all the lands owned by the State, except 
the school or " sixteenth section " lands, and all applications 
to purchase must be made to his office, at Little Rock. 



GOVERNMENT LANDS. 

There are of government lands in this State about twelve 
millions of acres unsold. These lands are subject to entry only 
under the homstead acts of Congress, in tracts not exceeding 
160 acres each. Any of these lands may be obtained by actual 
settlement upon them. Persons who desire to procure a home 
upon these lands have to settle upon them and make a- small 
improvement, and reside thereon for five years. After they 
have done so, government gives them a title at the simple cost 
of preparing the papers, amounting to not more tlian ten or 
fifteen dollars. 



HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION. 

The homestead law of this State is more liberal than that of 
any State in the Union, the homestead act of Minnesota ex- 
empting but eighty acres of land, while in this State, by a wise. 
provision of,the constitution, adopted by the Constitutional 



2(5 

Convention, lltli of 1^'ebruary, 1868, and subsequently ratified 
by the people, one hundred and sixty acres of land are exempted 
from execution. The benefits of this exemption, should the 
liead of the family be removed by death, inure to his widow 
wliile she remains unmarried ; also, to his cliildrcn during 
their minority. The constitution further provides : " The per- 
sonal property of any resident citizen of this State, to the value 
■of two thousand dollars, to be selected by such resident, shall 
be exempted from sale or execution or other iinal process of 
any court, issued for the collection of any debt contracted after 
the adoption of this constitution. 

"Hereafter, the homestead of any resident of this State, 
who is a married man or head of a family, shall not be en- 
•cumbered in any manner, while owned by him, except for 
taxes, laborers' and mechanics' lieu, and securities for the 
purchase money thereof. Every homestead not exceeding one 
hundred and sixty acres of land, and the dwelling and appur- 
tenances thereon, to be selected by the owner thereof, and not 
in any town, city or village ; or, in lieu thereof, at the option of 
the OAvner, any lot in a city, town or village, with the dwelling 
thereon, owned and occupied by any resident of this State, and 
not exceeding the value of $5000, shall be exempted from 
sale or execution, or any other final process of any court." 
Further, it says : " The homestead of a family, after the death 
of the owner thereof, shall be exempt from the payment of 
his debts, in all cases during the minority of his children, and 
also so long as his wddow shall remain unmarried, unless she 
shall be the owner of a homestead in her own right." It also 
X^rovides that the property of a female, before marriage, shall 
be held by her in her own right as long as she shall so elect, 
to be disposed of by her as she shall deem proper. These just 
provisions of the constitution, it will be seen, provide against 
the possibility of any one's ])eing distressed or deprived of a 
home. 



27 

EDUCATION. 

The constitiitio:: of this State provides " That the General 
Assembly shall require by law that every child of sufficient 
mental and physical ability shall attend the public seliool dur- 
ing the period between the ages of five (5) and eighteen (18) 
years, for a term equivalent to three years, unless educated by 
other means," and the Legislature has provided a very efficient 
school law, now being set in operation, which secures to all 
the Stale ample school privileges. The law also provides that 
the white and colored children shall be educated in separate 
schools. 

Section 3, in the educational clause in the new constitution, 
says: "The General Assembly shall establish and maintain a 
State University, with departments for instruction in teaching 
in agriculture and the natural sciences, as soon as the public 
school fund will permit." 

Section 4 provides for a fund as follows : '^ The proceeds of 
all lands that have or hereafter may be granted by the United 
States to this State, and not otherwise appropriated by the 
United States or this State ; also, all mines, stock-bonds, lands 
and other jiroperty now belonging to any fund for purposes of 
education ; also, the net proceeds of all sales of lands and other 
property and eftects that may accrue to the State by escheat, as 
from sales of estrays, or unclaimed dividends, as distributive 
shares of the estates of deceased persons, or from fines penal- 
ties or forfeitures; also, any proceeds of the sales of public 
lands which may have been, or may hereafter be, paid over to 
this State, (Congress consenting,) ; also, all the grants, gifts, or 
devises, that have been, or may hereafter be, made to this State, 
and not otherwise appropriated by the tenure of 'the grant, gift, 
■or devise, shall be securely invested and sacredly preserved as 
a. public school fund, wliich shall be the common property of 
the State, The annual income of which fund, together with 
one dollar per capita, to be annually assessed on every male 
inhabitant of the State over the age of twenty-one years, and 
so much of tl^e ordinary annual revenue of the State as may 



28 

be necessaiy, shall be faithfully appropriated for the establish- 
ing aud maintaining the free schools and the university in this 
article provided for and for no other purpose whatever." In 
addition to this, the 16th section of laud in every township is 
set apart for school purposes, much of which it is thought can 
be saved to the State. It is, in au}^ event, safe to assert that 
the educational interests of Arkansas are fully provided for. 



MANUFACTURES. 

"In 18G0, Arkansas had 518 manufacturing establishments,, 
with a capital of Sl,316,610. The annual product was $2,880,- 
578 ; the cost of labor $554,240, and of raw material 81,280,503, 
leaving a proiit of SI, 055,835, or 80 per cent, on the capital. 
Over three -fourths of this production consisted of lumber, flour,, 
meal and leather." Since which time manufactures, espe- 
cially of 'lumber have largely increased. From 1850 to ISiJO 
the increase in value of sawed and planed lumber in Arkansas, 
was 1000 per cent. 



POPULATION. 

In 1850, the population was 209,877; in 1860, 435,450; and 
is now rapidly increasing by immigration from the older States. 



PROFITS ACCRUING FROM LABOR. 

Many farmers in this State realized last year a net income 
from their crops of from ^15,000 to $30,000, and, in one case, 
$45,000, and this not at the expense of the labor — as in many 
instances heads of tamilies, having aid of the same only in the 
picking season, realized, besides cost of living, from 3900 to 
$1100. 

This State is one-sixth larger than the State of New York. 
In 1860, the cash value of farms and farming tools was SlOO,- 



29 

000,000. Live stock was valued at S22,000,000. The State 
produced, as near as can be ascertained, 367,000 bales of cotton, 
1,000,000 pounds of tobacco, 500,000 bushels of oats, 18,000,000 
bushels of corn, 80,000 bushels of rye, 1,000,000 bushels of 
wheat, 500,000 bushels of peas and beans, 500,000 bushels of 
Irish potatoes, 1,500,0C0 bushels of sweet potatoes, 4,000,000 
pounds of butter, and 1,000,000 pounds of honey. 

The value of the slaughtered animals in the same year 
.amounted to S1,000,000, showing- that of the open land in the 
State fully one-third has not been in cultivation since the war, 
.and that the demand for labor and capital in Arkansas is not 
•exceeded by an}' part of the United States. 

Among the most thriving cities in the State, are Little Rock, 
Pine Bluff, Camden, Fort Smith, and Helena, all good business 
points. There are many other thriving towns, desirable locali- 
ties for immigrants. 



KOUTES OF TRAVEL. 

This State is easy of access by boat from any point on the 
Mississippi river. Immigrants from the North and East, via 
Memphis, can come from that city to Little Rock by the way 
•of White river to DeVal's Bluff by the Memphis and Little 
Rock Railroad, or by boat via the Arkansas river. Immigrants 
from Germany w'ill find an easy rout to this State by eltlier the 
Bremen or Hamburg line of steamers to New Orleans; from 
thence by Mississippi and Arkansas or Ouachita river steamers 
to any point. 



QUIET AND SAFETY. 

Since the war, in common with other Southern States, there 
bave been some local disturbances in Arkansas, but under the 
•strong and well-administered State government now in power, 
all discord has ceased, the evil disposed have either subsided 
into quiet or left the State, gangs of desperadoes have been 



80 

broken up and ottendcrs brought to justice, until life and prop- 
erty arc as well protected in Arkansas as in any State in this 
Union, and the people every where express an earnest desire 
for irnmierratioj). 



STATE CliEDIT. 

Although almost a repudiatoc for niany years, the State g*ov- 
ernraent lias taken steps to establish lier financial reputation. 
Her debt is funded and provision made tor the payment of the 
interest on the tirst of January next. She has awarded aid to 
850 miles of the railroads in her limits to insure their early 
completion. These were not party measures. All clases were 
in favor of a fu.nding bill, and the people of the State, by 
almost a unanimous vote, pledged her aid to the building of 
the most important lines of road. Togetiior with this, let it be 
borne in mind that there are, within the limits of (and border- 
ing on) the State, 3000 miles of navigable streams. 

With these great natural resources, and her immense agri- 
cultural and mineral wealth, it is confidently expected that but 
a short time will elapse until Arkansas, rivalling Missouri and 
Illinois, will stand among the first of the States of the Missis- 
sippi valley. 

In conclusion, it may be trutlifnlly asserted that any person 
who can strike a blow, or has a moderate sum to invest, can 
not do amiss by coming to Arkansas. 

All letters addressed to this ofiice seeking inibrmation u'ill 
])e promptly answered. 

This pamphlet Avill be sent free to any person, on receipt at 
this office of name and address. 

.J. M- J^E^VIS, 
('oui'itiisloner of Iminipration and State Lawh. 



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